Should Abortion Be Legal - 1324 Words

I grew up in a Christian family, so my opinion on abortion is very based on the Bible, which I entirely believe to be the ultimate source for knowledge and insight. I believe that abortion is murder, and that under no circumstances should it be legal, permissible or justified. Abortion is a topic that is affecting society strongly at the time, as it has been for decades. Many people believe that abortion should be legal if the mother chooses to have one, or that it should only be legal in the case of incest or rape. Other people believe that it is never acceptable and should be banned everywhere in the world. I believe it is always wrong and murder, and should never be allowed. The pain it causes the mother and the fetus and the fact that it is morally and Biblically wrong cause me to be pro-life. Roe. v. Wade if what comes first to my mind when I think of the boom of abortion. Although illegal abortions were performed for hundreds of years, they were exponentially more frowned upon than they are today. It was considered as a serious crime in many cultures, and doctors abided by the Hippocratic Oath, which states: â€Å"I will not give a woman a pessary to produce an abortion.† Plato is known, however, for believing that abortions were acceptable and better than birthing a baby to be left for dead. People realized that at the time of conception, when the ovum is fertilized, life begins. This caused abortion to be illegal and frowned upon, even though theyShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has lif e; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abor tion if there are other choices forRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number of

The Impact of Information Technology on the Workforce of...

Preface The Impact of Information Technology on the Workforce of the Future To determine the impact of information technology on the workforce of the future, I conducted a study using an historical perspective on the use of information technology in the workplace and by the workforce. This study also considered recent trends in workforce management such as telecommuting, globalization, outsourcing, and off-shoring activities. The results of this study revealed that technological advances in office equipment over the past thirty years have enabled organizations to improve operating efficiencies, improve communications, reduce costs, increase their global presence, and gain competitive advantage through the implementation of information†¦show more content†¦Computers loaded with word processing, spreadsheet analysis and presentation software programs have become standard fixtures on each employees desk. Some of the workforce became mobile, conducting business outside of the traditional office settings through the use of Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), cellular phones and laptop computers. The initial users of mobile technology were salespeople and executive management; however, easier access to the Internet allowed more employees to become telecommuters , who conducted work-related activities either from their homes or from some other remote location. Technological advances in electronic communication may continue to decrease the need for traditional office setting while increasing the number of telecommuters. Electronic capabilities will also continue to affect outsourcing, off-shoring and globalization efforts by many organizations. Collaboration technologies, currently being enhanced by Microsoft and IBM, may enable companies to conduct virtual meetings in the near future. In a virtual meeting, employees from remote locations conduct real-time meetings from their own computers using peer-to-peer software. Participants can see one another on computer screens, share computer space and make changes to product designs or contract documents via a virtual whiteboard. 3. The Internet The internet is a globalShow MoreRelatedScrutinizing Job Seeker Activities1460 Words   |  6 Pagesrapidly changing world environment, in some cases, different strategies and methods to achieve satisfying work situation may be more appropriate than the traditional career planning and, subsequent job searching methods. The current and future economic and workforce environments are precarious and territories in which job seekers will seek work. It is a certainty that the view methods and processes associated with job seeker activities during these times need serious scrutiny. For that purpose, ourRead MoreThe Future And Direction Of Health Care1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe future and direction of health care has been the topic of discussion amongst politician and U.S citizens today. There are several challenges surrounding the future and strategic direction in which health care should be heading. Accreditation, quality of health care and organization’s compliance; access to health care, maintaining a skilled workforce, information technology and pay for performance are some of the challenges that currently presenting itself in healthcare today. If health care isRead MoreThe Success Or Failure Of Any Firm Or Organization Depends Upon The Competency And Proficiency Of Its Workforce1584 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesAssignment Prof Terrell Aicha Diakite GB 540 The success or failure of any firm or organization depends upon the competency and proficiency of its workforce. To improve the performance of a particular organization and its employees, motivation is required from the workforce. Employee maintenance can be practiced by thoroughly motivating the employees in many ways. In the big organizational environment, it is hard for the supervisor to motivate employees as compared to the small organizationalRead MoreEducational Technology in the 21st Century842 Words   |  4 PagesLynette Baltierrez Educational Technology in the 21st Century The 21st century has developed into a time where technology is everywhere. Technological advances are being developed daily and are incorporated in people’s everyday lives whether it is during work, school or leisure activities. This is the reason why technology should be used to support student learning and achievement. According to Intel Corporation (2009), being proficient in technology and the network is an essential partRead MoreCurrent Trends in Human Resource Management1494 Words   |  6 Pagestrends that will impact the operating environment in the future. Trends offer clues about how the operating environment will change. concept these shifts will allow luminous CEO’s and managers to adapt and thrive. This is especially accurate in the dwelling of Human Resources management since people are one of the most principal resources to any enterprise. Here are five accepted trends in Human Resources management that business leaders will want to watch: Leveraging Technology Technology is ubiquitousRead MoreImpact Of Computer Technology On The Future Of Workforce1260 Words   |  6 Pages11IPT Term3 Essay: Impacts of Computer Technologies in the Future of Workforce Since the very first automatic computer has been invented in 1941 by Konrad Zuse (Lexikon Services, 1982), information technology has brought many benefits to our lives, and also altered the nature of work and enterprise to the extent that most jobs in the developed world to involve computers. In the future, with new information technology features that will be introduced, many jobs would be either reduced or turned intoRead MoreTechnology And The Classroom Starting With Kindergarten1075 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many benefits of technology in the classroom starting with kindergarten. These four benefits would be it enriches basic skills, provides motivation, broadens children’s horizons, and prepares them for the workforce. As this is not as much of a problem for younger children as it is older, technology is still a force that continually helps. Technology in classrooms can accelerate the basic skills of kids. Technology can make children more interested in what they a re learning and then theyRead MoreSecurity Data Breach Policy : Analysis1324 Words   |  6 Pagesto all personnel whose responsibilities include data privacy and security protection. James Greene Data Center Information Security s reasoning for issuing a Data Breach Response Policy is to bring awareness to data security and its breaches and how our organization will create sincerity, trust and integrity on how we should respond to such a breach. James Greene Data Center Information Security is committed to protecting our employees, associates and the company from illegal or damaging actionsRead MoreJames Greene Data Center Breach Response Process1339 Words   |  6 Pagesto all personnel whose responsibilities include data privacy and security protection. James Greene Data Center Information Security s reasoning for issuing a Data Breach Response Policy is to bring awareness to data security and its breaches and how our organization will create sincerity, trust and integrity on how we should respond to such a breach. James Greene Data Center Information Security is committed to protecting our employees, associates and the company from illegal or damaging actionsRead MoreWorkforce Planning - State of New York1405 Words   |  6 PagesPage 1 Assignment 2 Our Workforce Matters A guide to work force and succession planning for New York state agencies Orla Spetrini February 5, 2012 The Workforce Matters guide for New York State agencies is a very valuable guide and relevant in 2012. It provides insight into the agency staff by recognizing the aging workforce and upcoming retirement; it recognizes the knowledge, experience and institutional memory that will leave the company once these long term employees leave.

The data protection Act

Question: Explain Information Technology? Answer: Introduction The data protection act is firstly proceeding in 1998.Personal data and the processes of personal data are the main elements of this assignment. Analyst discuss elaborately about the asymmetric cipher .Mainly, Chik et al. (2013), discuss about the procedure of the asymmetric cipher and the integrity of the cipher. There are also a support which is depends on the asymmetric cipher. Also analyst discuss about the long distance wireless connection and satellites. According to Ahn (2014), those protocols are mainly depends on the user and connection. Analyst also examine about the Wi-Fi network in Nepal. Explanation of the Long Distance wireless connection with inconsistencies: The long distance wireless connection is basically depends on the two signal which is placed in different place through long distance. According to Wohlfeld (2015), Two signal has different port address by which user located two signal .Two signal has different network switch and those network switch is connected with the a computer and the NVR. Long Distance wireless system has quality by which it connects with the computer. Long Distance wireless connection has some disadvantage by which those wireless system shown their inconsistency. By the customer view, Chik et al. (2013), there has some inconsistency. Lack of protection, unfinished protocols are there, standard is conflicted and there are also frequencies of protocols are there by which is shown the inconsistency. There is no obvious street map by which long distance wireless are connected. The entire growth of the connection is disorganized. For that reason, the connection is not access through the long distance. Kawashima et al. (2015), the whole quality of the industry is scrawny. The appearance of the wireless connection is transferred poorly with the speculation. There is some indecision with the stipulation submission. There is also a challenge of the network which depends on the connection of the long distance. In the IT organization, the entire support is inconsistence and the quality is poor. Those are the major disadvantages of the long d istance wireless connection. Identify and explain the two major entities from the table: The long distance wireless connection is basically depends on the two signal which is placed in different place through long distance. According to Stott-Jess (2014), Two signal has different port address by which user located two signal .Two signal has different network switch and those network switch is connected with the a computer and the NVR. Long Distance wireless system has quality by which it connects with the computer. Long distance wireless connection is made between two long distance buildings. There are several Wi-Fi, by the use of the WI- FI, we connects with the router. Suppose, According to Stott-Jess (2014), in an organization, there are many computers are there, by which those computers are connected through a router and that router are also connected with the wireless satellite system of the earth. Those connections are water-resistant and have a tight security. Satellite connection: There are many types of satellite in our locality. A good quality of the satellite is connected with the internet service provider who re allocates TV, routers, computers etc. According to Wohlfeld (2015), that service provider connects with the internet with the satellite and that satellites are totally connected with the computer, modem and the TV of the customer. By the help of those satellite people uses their product very easily and the connection of the lines are high-quality. Those are the main elements of a satellite connection. Satellite connection has teleport and the customer location by which those elements are connected with the satellite. According to Ahn (2014), that connection is high class and by that connection, routers are connected with the most number of the computer. There are many internet protocols are there by which satellite is directly connected with the centre of the satellites. Joining table of the satellite connection and the long distance wireless connection Workable knowledge information Rate of the connection reporting area of the connection Wi-Fi connection 200 Mbps 10 km WiMAX 70 Mbps 50 km Satellites 256 kbps 1.5 Mbps 40% of the earth Explain the Data Protection act (DPA): The data protection act (DPA) is firstly executed in UK. The basic part of this Act is all about the living people who officially use those acts. The main objective of this act is to defend the human being against the mistreatment of the information that is totally against them. Mainly, according to Wohlfeld (2015), data means a information which is activated automatically for the rationale of instruction. It should be processed by some equipment. It is a part of satisfying system. A meticulous individual is reachable for that information which is have been created or developed by the human in different circumstances. It is not easy to operate those things in a very particular way. Its delver information about the individuals in terms of system of life. That individual information is all about life, where life is worked with the way of individuals aspiration. In the DPA, according to Ahn (2014), there are also a reachable records are there. There are different types of reachable records, named fitness record, enlightening record and community record. In case of fitness records, those individual have some psychological or corporal problem which is made by the fitness specialized. Chik et al. (2013), in case of enlightening record, neighbouring school has a pr oblem on personal data which is located in the act as another definition of problem that is held in fitness problem. In case of public problem, there are many problems which are basically based on the accommodation, communal service and other purpose. There are many elementary details of the DPA. Those are discussed elaborately in the below passage: The procedure of this act is basically blond and legally recognized. It gain for only the legally purpose and not for the manual. This is appropriate for the individual people. It is as truthful as proper for the longer version of the people. Chik et al. (2013), it protects the illegal process which will hurt those people in future. It has an independence of the data which is allocated in the act. Personal Data: Personal Data is one type of data which is basically identifying the specific living human or person who have those data. Personal data is based on the act of DPA. The entire things is depends on the mistreatment of the information of that person who have those data. Each person have own information about their life and those information also have different estimation to be uttered on it. According to Wohlfeld (2015), that informations are very responsive as per human being concern. On the base of the assessment in general, personal data is sensitive data which belong with the individual personal problem. Explanation of Personal Data in respect of DPA: The entire elements of the personal data are based on the information of human. Each person has its own information such as health problem, sexual problem, and confidential problem about trade union and cultural origins. Many people have their own spiritual and following view which is very much personal. Deal union is one type of personal data which is very much confidential about life. Information of sexual life is also a personal data of human life. According to Wohlfeld (2015), there are many problems of health that is based on the psychological and substantial. Those data is varied person to person individually. Those personal data are stored in the access. It is much secured against the injuries and the unlawful access. Those data does not transfer without the knowledge of that person. . According to Ahn (2014), if those people change the country in that case, storing data is transferred through providers. Those data is confidential for people in that case its depend on the information. That information is basically about the family. Explain the term processing in terms of DPA: In the case of DPA, processing is the major factor of DPA. It carries the data to person to person and those data is accumulated with the subject. It must be accessed with correct data. It has to be an automatic pronouncement making capacity to do the proper work as a life of individual. Straight marketing is another prospect of the processing of the data protection act. Personal data is an element of the straight marketing. Chik et al. (2013), straight marketing is a process where personal data is used usually a marketing prospect. In case of processing, casual damage has been done by the process of DPA. In the DPA, the entire process is developed in processing methods. There are some steps are thereby which process has been done manually. Board has firstly reading the development plan which is organized by the help of processing. Then public those assignment in the base of notice which is based on the main alternatives .Then the process is based on the public hearing which is board will be assigned .Then it resolute and process for the further purpose of the development. Then plan is to be notified. Chik et al. (2013), there are two alternatives, named major and minor alternatives. Then, plan will be proceed for the minor alternatives which are to be no changes for planning. In case of second reading council, that is directly notified to the second reading person who represents the entire representation of that plan and those process is submitted to the minister level. Then, minister decides to approve the entire plan and then it will be process for the further representation. Munic ipal Board will publish that document in terms of the plan and minister notified those reports to the council where notification is to be submitted through a definite process. Then, those plan process in two definite way, one is third reading and another is process of resolution which is definite for the individual person in a certain time period. Then, that copy of the plan is submitted to the other person and the minister home through which public easily go through this purpose and those plans has to be submitted by others who have those personal data. The resolution is not to be proceed in the base of the notice which is mainly a plan of personal data and others documents like health issue, others manual problem, housing problem, sexual problem etc. Explain the working principal of the asymmetric cipher: The asymmetric cipher is an algorithms process. There are four elements by which the cipher works. Source, the algorithm of encryption, the algorithm of decryption and the destination port are there. Chik et al. (2013), between the destination port and the algorithm of decryption, there are main two keys are there, by which the entire asymmetric cipher work. Source is directly connected with the algorithm of the encryption and also protocol is come from destination port to the algorithm of the encryption then, this is directly connected with the algorithm of the decryption which is also directly associated with the destination port. There are main two key by which the public key and the private key works with the message of Helen and assume that Helen works on the message with the help of the this cipher. How an asymmetric cipher can support the confidentiality of Helens message? Confidentiality of the asymmetric cipher of the Helens message is depending on the main two keys which are public key and the private key. Chik et al. (2013), those key are the pair of the asymmetric key which also depends on the encrypt process of the Helens message. There are two plain text which works on the text of the message and those two keys are associated with the encrypt and decrypt of the plain text. This is the major supporting process of an asymmetric cipher. How an asymmetric cipher can support the integrity of Helens message? The integrity of the asymmetric cipher of the Helens message has some major properties. , According to Ahn (2014), the main two protocols are sender and the recipient by whom secret keys are worked. Encrypt and decrypt are also main thing by whom identical keys are used for the encryption and decryption has to be done in a secretly. Cipher text is also there between the encryption and the decryption of the Helens message. Conclusion: As per analyst concern about this assignment, they discuss about the entire elements of long distance wireless connection and satellite connection. The asymmetric cipher is another main protocol of the processing. The personal data of DPA is processed in many steps. Analyst is concluded that personal data is very securely personified by the individual thinking and the entire things is depends on the mistreatment of the information of that person who have those data. Each person have own information about their life and those information also have different estimation to be uttered on it. References List: Ahn, A., Ahn, A. and Yoon, T. (2014). Key-Amplified Cipher. Lecture Notes on Information Theory, 2(1), pp.54-60. Chik, W. (2013). The Singapore Personal Data Protection Act and an assessment of future trends in data privacy reform. Computer Law Security Review, 29(5), pp.554-575. Novakowski, L. and Stott-Jess, K. (2015). Personal information protection act British Columbia Alberta. Toronto: Carswell. Tp-link.com, (2015). Long distance wireless connection concerns when using outdoor access point - Welcome to TP-LINK. [online] Available at: https://www.tp-link.com/en/faq-907.html [Accessed 3 Sep. 2015]. Wohlfeld, V. (2015). Cipher. JAMA, 313(13), p.1375. Yamamoto, N., Kawashima, M., Fujita, T., Suzuki, M. and Kato, K. (2015). How should the legal framework for the protection of human genomic data be formulated?Implications from the revision processes of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (PPI Act). Journal of Human Genetics, 60(4), pp.225-226.

To what Extent are New Technologies and Organized Crime Linked

Information technologies and organized crime The criminal justice system continues to be besieged as the society is questioning the ultimate solution to the increased crime rates in the world today. Despite the fact that, prisons have been overcrowded with criminal of all categories, the crime rates have seemed to be also on the increase (Navarro, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To what Extent are New Technologies and Organized Crime Linked? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this reason, the widespread question is, can the current trends in technology bring necessary changes in fighting crime? The fact is that, emergence of information technology has contributed to increase in crime rates but however, it has also enabled the criminal justice to fight against crime in a big way. In this era of globalization, investigation of the criminal activities and elaborative discovery of the happenings to this topi c of crime is very hard without integration of the scientific and technological phenomenon and the general application of information technology. There are three major issues in the assessment of the crime and technology which will form the basis of our argument in this research paper; the level of information technology that is used by the law enforcement officers in reducing crime, the technology that is being used by the criminals gangs, and the level of control or monitoring administered to the use of technology such as computer by the criminals (Martin, 2005). It is no doubt that information technology is a influencing factor or tool leading to more rampant criminal activities although on the other hand it has also created a good avenue that is being used as a tool of fighting all criminal activities across the globe. For a broader understanding, we shall discuss how information technology has contributed to increase in crime while on the other hand, we shall also review how in formation technology has spear headed the fight against crime. Information technology as a tool that facilitates in the fight against crime Since the emergence of information technology, the advanced technology has served as a tool of enforcing the law by enhancing security measures through producing of electronic cards, developing of databases, generation of automated data cards used for banks transactions, an elaborative search engine for internal and external affairs and hence ensuring that criminals do not get an easy access to such system especially to institutions such as the bank which needs high level of security( Maguire, Morgan, and Reiner, 2007). Through the high level of technological and changes, there has been a lot of progress that enables flexible ways to trace or monitor different activities executed by different people across the globe. Such case can be explained by observing the well developed FBI system that enables investigative officers to monitor activities of different criminals communities by having a first hand experience of how information between various sources are being exchanged and hence giving the FBI department an opportunity to detect any suspicious activities.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Government security officers with advanced information technology usually use technology to track down criminal by use of special soft wares that can be able to interpret information acquired from the various sources of mass media such as the cable TV and radio; information acquired voice information is then translated into text message which enables detecting voice and speech sounds of the different people. Through such technology, the officers are able to detect notorious criminal gangs such as terrorist groups among others (Department of defense, 2010). Additionally, the federal officers are also able to use information technology to read codified information from different systems by using special software and hence they are in a position to be ahead of the criminals since through such ways, they are able to get informed of planned crimes. A good example of such software’s is the â€Å"magic Lantern† (Department of defense, 2010) which sends viruses to the suspected criminals through emails and when the targeted user opens the particular email, the software becomes active and then it does create a communication network between the FBI server computer and the suspect’s computer (Department of defense, 2010). Although, this technology has been criticized as infringement of personal privacy, the officers argue that the constitution grants such federal officer the right to carry investigation in such ways. Another technological change that fights criminal activities is the use of cell phones gadgets as an alert system. Today, the are thousands cases of motor car theft, burglary cases among othe r mischief’s in the society, but with the use of information technology a car owner or residence owner can be able to get live alerts from their cell phones about any suspicious activity. Such instance can be demonstrated by the use of phone to track a stolen car. Apart from the use of a phone as technology to curb car theft cases, many information technology companies have emerged resulting to a drastic reduction of the car theft cases. Mostly, the birth of tracker alarms has proved to be very efficient in fighting crime such as car vehicle theft.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To what Extent are New Technologies and Organized Crime Linked? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, cars are installed with security alarms which become sensitive once the car has been ignited using another key apart from the original key. When this happens, the alarm will alert the owner company who are able to stop the carà ¢â‚¬â„¢s engine by use of codes and once the car engine has been stopped, the company is also able to locate the position of the car by use of satellite using advanced technology (Department of defense, 2010). With the introduction of social network such as face book, my space, twitter among others, the war against crime has had a big boost. In the turn of 21st century, the information technology has greatly improved and revolutionized to an extent that it has become very basic in diverse ways, one such instance is the way people are using the information technology to communicate. Among the many social networks is the face-book community that has become very popular having millions of followers across the planet. When you accept a friend request in your face-book account, it is more likely you just accept an FBI officer as your new face-book friend. Today, the investigative officers are using the numerous social networks to carry out inquiries on criminal activities, track suspects around the globe. With the emergence of social network such as face-book, the fight against crime has become easier since it is easy to note suspects by checking status updates, comments and other relevant information on their walls (Nasaw, 2010). Apart from this, identification has also become easier especially that people usually upload their photos in their accounts and hence making such photos to be accessible by the public (Nasaw, 2010). In US the FBI agents have relied very much on the social networks in trucking criminal by accessing a newly edited section known as â€Å"utility in criminal cases† (Nasaw, 2010). In this particular section, the officers can be to scan suspect’s profiles in a progress to ascertain ones intention, position the suspect’s location, or even indentify his partners (Nasaw, 2010). Although, the policy of face book account does not allow users to create fake accounts, the government investigative department has been given the excl usive right to develop such accounts which facilitates them to work as undercover agents. Unlike in the past when police used to patrol the streets, today’s era of advanced information technology has enabled police patrolling to be easier and hence the fight against crime has moved to a whole new level. With the use of information technology, police officer do not have to patrol streets any more, instead the use of information technology such as use of video camera is the best alternative (Newburn, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Police department have utilized the information technology and they are using high quality video cameras which are usually planted at the high poles in those areas that are prone to high crime. With such cameras, the investigative officers can be able to have a first hand experience of what is happening on the ground since there is a communication network from the camera to a computer which has been installed in a surveillance vehicle or in the office. On the other hand, video camera installed at the high poles would at all times enable the correspondents to observe happenings at a particular area before sending the police and other officers for action. For instance, if an accident happens, the surveillance police are able to take a prior-action. Most importantly, the video camera can also be used as a source of evidence in the court in indentifying criminals. A good example where a surveillance camera can be used in court as an identification tool is when a video camera is installe d on the streets, offices and out side a bank where it is used to indentify bank robbers or snatchers and it is usually presented to the court as a source of evidence which has helped many times (Martin, 2005). According to police department, the use of surveillance camera as an investigative tool has helped in solving many issues and most importantly it has enhanced efficiency in the police department (Osborn, 2008).The officer do not really need to be at the place of crime , instead a single officer can be able to monitor more than two locations from an office where he is just next to a surveillance computer. Additionally, the video camera have also enabled the fight against crime to move to another level since the patrol officer can also be able to view criminal activities happening in real time such as car theft scenarios and bank robbery cases which are very common (Osborn, 2008). This technology of surveillance camera is very efficient and it helps in reducing cost, saving tim e, and very importantly, it acts as an instrument to fight crime. Information technology has also provided a big boost in fighting crime especially with the emergency of fingerprint technology. The new technology has been very effective in the fight against crime and a good example is the revolutionary technique of taking fingerprints which makes it practically not possible for any offender to lay the blame on others as the evidence is quite clear. The recent technology also known as â€Å"wipe-proof fingerprinting system† (Koenig, 2011) is more efficient because it gives a much vivid image of the curls on the finger and therefore becoming more reliable than ever before. The new technology is widely used by detectives and it is said to more steadfast than the presiding techniques; the new technology is based on special dust constituent parts known as nanoparticles (Koenig, 2011). Nanoparticle is sticky and this particular characteristic enables it to be used efficiently by de tectives who have also clarified that it has made their work much easier compared to the past because with the use of nanoparticles, it is easier to obtain result faster and hence saving time and cost as well (Koenig, 2011). Information technology as a tool of crime Hacking, cybercrime, theft, blackmailing, cyber bully, cyber stalking among others are among the most common types of crime that have been more pronounced with the emergence of the information technology especially at the dawn of the 21st century. Although the concept of globalization and technological changes has been attributed to positive development in many ways, it is also quite clear that, the same advancement information technology has also contributed to growth of criminal network and hence resulting to rise in the rate of crime. Modernization and use of the information technology has enabled development in communication system and therefore criminal allies are also able to have an established communication netwo rk that in deed allows coordination of criminal activities between criminals across the planet. For instance, in regard to the communication system, the masterminds criminal do not have to sit in a conference room with other criminals in order to execute a plan or plot for a crime, what happens today is that, the masterminds criminals can always make a perfect plan on how to carry out a certain criminal activity such as a robbery activity and then call, send short messages or even send emails contains instructions to all other partners on the ground who after receiving the information will execute the â€Å"job† as directed. One such case includes that of the modern banking system. The modern banking business uses diverse ways of computing methods and information technology, allows the breaching of various bank transactions and through this electronic technique, the criminals can be able to access other people’s account where they can also be able to embezzle large amo unts of money avoid taxations and even make legal transaction by using money acquired in the most illegal ways since most criminal posses the modern technology and they also have expert computer hackers (Lilley, 2006). The other problem which is also a major challenge to the current security system is the issue of â€Å"computer criminality† that is growing at a rapid rate facilitating growth of criminal communities (Koenig, 2011). According to various research carried across US, the newly released report clearly indicates that many firms in US are facing the crisis of being attacked with the growing number of computer hackers increasing every day. The report shows that in the 2002 there were more than eighty thousand cases of attackers hacking into companies system and stealing most vital information. In fact, after the release of this report, the FBI experts made a list of top hackers and gangsters which clearly proved beyond doubt that the hackers had increased across the world over time (Rist, 2002). Computer hackers have increased because the hacker’s main objective is to make profit which is why they target banks, firms and commercial companies. Besides, hackers are also part of the world-wide terrorist group who are believed to be using the information technology to hack their indentified targets such as department of military defense and so forth. Moreover, hackers have done more damage to the general public where people have been robbed money from their accounts especially those people who use the master and visa cards systems are among the most vulnerable groups. Apart from this, many other crimes are committed by use of information technology, for instance, certain level of technology allows production and easy distribution of pornography films. A good example in this case is that, the criminals will use some special kind of computer software that are able to alter images and then make such images to appear as if in a sexual context. O n the other hand, if the children are not actually there, the modern software are also able to convert adult images to appear like children images through a process known as â€Å"de-aging† (Martin, 2005). In fact, with the emergence of the animations and carton technology, child pornography may be easy to distribute and criminals have been renowned to use steganography as a cover up in order to distribute child pornographic films in a less suspicious manner (Rist, 2002). The emergence of Information technology also facilitates effective and rapid distribution of communication by criminals. Through information technology, criminal are able to enjoy safe and anonymous speedy communication especially by use of modern customized software, wireless gadgets, mobile phones and anonymous email senders whose function is to distribute emails and short text messages without revealing the sender origin (Galeotti, 2005). Through such technology, the criminals are able to execute various criminal activities such as drug trafficking with minimal chances of detection which also ensures that there are slim chances of tracing the criminals. Information technology can also slow down the fight against crime where organized criminal groups may utilize the technology to instill fear or impose threats to community members and other opposing groups against reporting incidence of crime at any given level. For instance, such threats are usually passed to the target party through emails, cell phones, internet among other Medias of communication. In most cases, threats are passed through messages and chats that are directed to an individual or group indicating particular information. The organized crime instills fear in a very effective way because at most times the sender will use safe and anonymous message system that does not indicate origin of the message making it hard to trace the sender at all time (Jewkes and Yar, 2010). The modern information technologies can be the basi s of organized crime in our school today. With the increase of cyber bully, pupils are having situations to deal with stress every day which can be noticed every time a pupil uses his computer. Most times when they use their computers, they get irritating emails, bad images, vulgar short messages from their friends which might be a cause of stress and frustration leading to withdrawal behavior such as depression and loneliness (Martin, 2005). On the other hand, theft cases have also increased in our school because of stylish life style where some student comes to school with flashy gadgets such as iPods, cell phones and laptops. But since some student can not afford to buy such stylish gadgets, they only opt to still from their friends resulting to crime that has been reported to be on the increase at our schools today. Additionally, the emergence of information technology has also led to appearance of negative behavior resulting to increased crime rates such as cyber stalking (Mart in, 2005). Cyber stalking is the use of internet applications such as email to become a nuisance, to threaten individual or group of people which mainly includes harassing, sending irritating messages, monitoring other peoples activities, causing severe damage to information and so on (Roddel, 2010). Such behavior is illegal and is not accepted by the constitution. Conclusion In conclusion, it is reasonably clear that the emergence of information technology has had both negative and positive impact to issues of crime in the society today. Most importantly, we have seen that the information technology has been very effective in the fight against crime and there offering the humanity a hope for a better future (Reuter, 1983). The opinion is that, all involved stakeholders should work together in fighting this group of intellectual criminals to help build our society in a positive way. On the other hand, more research should be conducted in order to discover how such criminal are makin g the use of information technology to torment the society. Once more discover is made, then the security department could easily use such information against the criminals and therefore tighten the war against crime for social change. References Nasaw, D. (2010). FBI using Face book in fight against crime. Web. Roddel, V. (2010). Cyberstalking. Web. Navarro, R. (2007). How technology can reduce crime and impact the criminal justice system. Web. Galeotti, M. 2005. Global crime today: the changing face of organized crime. New York: Routledge. Jewkes, Y and Yar, M., 2010. Handbook of Internet Crime. Macedonia: Willan Publisher. Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R. 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford university Press. Lilley, P. 2006. Dirty Dealing: The Untold Truth about Global Money Laundering, International Crime and Terrorism. 6th edn, Kogan Page Publishers. Newburn, T. 2007. Criminology. Amsterdam: Willan Press. Reuter, P. 1983. Disorganized Crime: The Econ omics of the Visible Hand. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Koenig, D. 2011. Investigation of Cybercrime and Technology-related Crime. Online. Web. Department of defense. 2011. Technology to Fight Crime. Web. Rist, O. 2002. Crime. Web. Osborn, A. 2008. CCTV surveillance system to fight crime. Web. Martin, P. 2005. Technology and Crime. Web. This essay on To what Extent are New Technologies and Organized Crime Linked? was written and submitted by user Daniela Lawson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Witness for the Prosecution

Witness for the Prosecution Nancy HallMs. FieldsEng. 091 (9:25am-10:40am)September 24, 2014"Witness for the Prosecution'The movie 'Witness for the Prosecution is based on a play, written by Agatha Christie (1891-1976). Both are a good read/watch that will keep you guessing what's going to happen next. Who killed Emily French? A wealthy middle aged woman. But there's many differences in the two!Sir Wilfrid Robarts is a stubborn man in both play and movie. Whereas in the movie he's on his way home, with his nurse Miss Plimsoll. Recovering from a heart attack, Sir Wilfrid is asked to defend Leonard Stephen Vole. The prime suspect in the murder case of Emily French. Leonard is a charming man, having his way with women. Only problem is he's a married man but Emily doesn't know that. She falls for him, making a new well leaving 80,000 pounds to him, in her death.Cropped screenshot of Tyrone Power from the traile...He is arrested and charged with the murder of Emily. Swearing his innocence. And that his wife would tes tify on his behalf. And clear him in both play and movie.Right when you think Leonard is innocent, Sir Wilford interviews Christine, a German lady, which seems to want Leonard to stay in jail for the murder in the movie. In the play she doesn't care and seems to be telling the truth but confused. In the movie she dresses like another woman to give evidence to save her husband and that she really loves him.Only to find out in the end that everything you thought you knew was wrong. He isn't innocent like I thought, Christine isn't guilty! Leonard's girlfriend comes in and he pretty much laughs in everyone's face. Leonard is the killer and Christine (heartbroken), grabs a knife and kills Leonard.

Genetic Engineering Ethics Essay Sample

Genetic Engineering Ethics Essay Sample Genetic Engineering Ethics Essay Genetic engineering is the integration between biological and engineering applications that the population does not recognize up to this day. This is because it is a profession that does not show their process in the public due to the issue of morality and ethical jurisprudence. However, most companies utilize genetic engineering as a way to modify the food source to become productive. These are companies who are engaged in the production of food products to supply the growing number of consumers with perishable items. Genetic engineering is considered important because of the functionality and existence help to sustain the survival of organisms such as humans and animals. The practice of genetic engineering is widely applied to manufacturing plants where they integrate the use of technology with biological life. You may not be aware that the food that you consume on a daily basis is manufactured using genetic engineering applications. One example is instant foods that are packed in plastic, box, or cans that are usually available in supermarkets or grocery stores in your area. Processed meats are also considered genetically engineered because it used numerous experimentation applications by scientists and researchers to improve the quality of taste as well as its effect on the body. The reason behind is that companies want to prevent any risk for safety for all consumers who want to try their product. Fast food companies are heavy users of genetic engineering because the majority of their food is genetically engineered by their production facilities. One reported scenario is when there is one fast food chain that is producing chickens with three pairs of legs to ensure the growing demand of the population around the world. Genetic engineering has been under criticism due to their practice of modifying organisms. The main critic is the church, which rejects the practice of genetically modified organisms because it violates the principles of morality. Modification of organism for food has been questioned because it portrays the credibility of the company for promoting products that are naturally grown. In this case, the value of modified organism that is sold for food or items that support physical activity is sometimes denied by conservative government institutions. All organisms should not be artificially grown because it destroys the essence of promoting a product that is made up of artificial mixtures. Sometimes, companies who are involved in genetic engineering practice to their products are summoned for inquest proceedings by the lawmakers of a certain country to determine if there are laws that were violated for modifying products with artificial materials. In the present era, genetic engineering may not be a comfortable topic for the general public because it generates debate. This is because conservative groups reject the concept about modifying the natural elements of our environment. However, with the rising population and the growing need for space, genetic engineering helps to sustain humanity’s survival. This is because genetic engineering might be the answer for the growing scarcity of resources that are responsible for depleting the food supply around the world. Underdeveloped countries are unable to provide food for their community due to the lack of natural resource to feed its population. With the existence of genetic engineering, it can help save our environment by allowing an additional source of food supply to prevent hunger and famine that impacts the health and longevity of the population (Pollack, 2015). Genetic engineering is applied in the pharmacological industry wherein medical practitioners are aiming to find a cure to a certain disease. Vaccination is a clear product of genetic engineering because it values the significance of finding a new solution to improve the quality of life for every patient. When there are new medications that are now being processed, medically tested, and approved, it becomes a commodity in the market so that people can have an access to the newly formulated medication to improve their health care status. In medicine, the creation of modified structure through the creation of new medicine aims to prevent the spread of a disease that is considered deadly and potentially hazardous to the population. Although it is challenged by the warriors of conservativism, genetics still continue to incorporate scientific studies and experimentation to benefit the interest of the population. In order to understand the mechanics of genetic engineering, it is important to learn more about the function of this particular application. The reason behind is to orient the public regarding the benefits of this application that can provide a justifiable functionality in the future. Genetic engineering is a product of human’s critical decision-making process to ensure that the safety of the public is always ensured. The general goal of genetic engineering is the sustainability of every individual to live a longer life. Even if there are challenges that are stressed by interest groups, genetic engineering still proves that there is more beneficial impact that it produced rather than risking the lives of the public. If there are violations committed by companies using genetic engineering to their consumers or interest groups, then the local government unit can apprehend the situation. Reference Pollack, Andrew (2015).  Genetically Engineered Salmon Approved for Consumption.  The New York Times.

Pearl Harbor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pearl Harbor - Essay Example The American never thought that Japan was capable of performing such an act. However, rumours of Japan’s surprise mass attack had been reported but were not taken seriously. (Conn, Engelman, and Fairchild, 2000) The answer I think it was the former, though the strategy was a good one it had completely gone wrong. Now you may ask why? The Japanese had developed the technology, attack strategy and skills to successfully accomplish the impossible as they had been planning this for at least six months prior to the main attack. The Japanese had good defensive plans against the US. Such as fortifying individual islands with troops, reinforcing air squadrons and also they kept a large fleet to retaliate in case the US attacked. So what went wrong? Its simple, the Japanese became over confident and they changed their plans and instead implementing this defensive plan they went further to attack the US Midway. It turned into a big disaster and the Japanese lost a huge number of their carriers and thus with their naval and air forces which were in a weak situation now, they could not resist the American troops and they reached the Japanese air space itself. Another factor of this raid to go wrong was that the commander of the Japanese fleet became nervous and he aborted the third strike attack of the two which had already taken place, which was aimed at the oil supplies and repair facilities of the US fleet. If this had taken place then the US would have had a difficult time in retaliating. The attack plan of the Japanese would require the loss of one –third attacking force of the planes and two carriers. Another problem was of refuelling the planes over the pacific and also fixing of wooden fins on naval torpedoes so as to stabilize them in shallow waters. (Conn, Engelman, and Fairchild, 2000) Many messages were dispatched about the movements of the Japanese fleet but the American ignored them as they thought a formal war declaration would

Critique of practice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critique of practice - Case Study Example Aside from taking the responsibility of looking after her health, she has to deal with the problem of looking for a place to stay where she can effectively keep herself clean and avoid possible relapses. Her background shows that she was close to her father, who died of AIDS at the age of 68. Her mother neglected and abused her. She has sisters who all live in Tallahassee. Generally looking at the environment she grew up in, it is clear that there was not enough moral and emotional support from her family. The lack of guidance from her parents and the kind of relationship she had with them may have led her to resort to drugs and alcohol. She began drinking at the age of 12 and smoking Crack at the age of 28. Although she does not like the environment, the client feels safe living with her boyfriend. However, this uneasiness with her surrounding creates possibilities and risks of her relapsing again. Although she luckily receives help from her friends and from their church, it seems that the client needs more help than what is already given her. She claims she believes in and follows the 12-step program and attends Alcohol Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meetings. The client's major concerns include preventing relapses, dealing with her alcohol and drug dependency and staying in a decent house. Of these, her primary complaint is how to avoid further relapses from happening. This complaint was conveyed through a discussion, which was a slow transition from general information to more specific details. It started out with the client's narration of her present life circumstance, and it narrowed down to the things that bother her the most. The agency involved is St Luke's Recovery Treatment Center which offers several health-related services such as assessment and referrals, psychiatric services, and health care. The agency also conducts recreational activities, relapse prevention workshops, crisis intervention, and spiritual counseling and observances, and other religious services in collaboration with some organizations like Catholic Charities. The program most applicable and helpful to the client is the one offered for alcohol- and drug-dependent individuals. This program includes providing residence for the client, day treatment, outpatient, prevention and aftercare (St. Luke's Addiction Recovery Center, n.d.). The interventions include mental counseling, spiritual healing, health screening and monitoring, and crisis interventions. Since the agency focuses and aims at empowering individuals to cope with their problems and provides programs that assist clients in jumpstarting better lifestyles and personal growth, it helps a lot in dealing with the client. Except for minor problems with the schedule (insufficient time allotted for discussions), there were no other hindrances in working with the agency since they have a similar goal of making the client's situation better. After several sessions of speaking with the client and her concerns, several plans

The social and historical influence Essay Example for Free

The social and historical influence Essay Look at the significance of chapter 5 to the novel as a way to focus on the relevance and effect of the writers use of language to describe setting and characters and what it shows about the social and historical influence? This novel is about an extremely intelligent doctor called Victor Frankenstein who used his knowledge of science to find a way of keeping people alive. Mary Shelleys plot must have been influenced by the changes that were happening around her in Britain during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Scientists at this time were investigating the meaning of life. They were using corpses in experiments. She appears to have a great understanding of the scientific discoveries of that time. Behind the writing is a deeper meaning. Mary Shelley is trying to show us how an addiction to anything is not natural and very often dangerous to our well-being and to our social and mental health. Chapter 5 is a crucial moment because this is when the monster is brought to life. Mary Shelleys opening sentence of chapter 5 is Dr Frankenstein telling us It was a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. He goes on to say It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes. The dismal setting contrasts with Dr Frankensteins expectation and anxiety he is feeling just moments before his creation is brought to life. This setting and events causes us to be alarmed and scared because we start imagining what it would be like to be in his position. He then tells us The monsters dull yellow eye opens and it begins to breathe. We would think that he is pleased that he has succeeded in what he set out to do but he straight away is horrified at his creation and what it has turned out to look like. He expresses his negative feelings many times, such as breathless horror and disgust filled my heart and the demonical corpse to which I had so miserably given life. This shows us that the social influence of looks was as great then as it still is in 2009. Dr Frankenstein is distraught about how his creation looks rather than thinking about the feat he has just achieved, I find it puzzling that he is shocked by its image only after the creature has been brought to life, even though he could have seen what it would look like when it was on the operating table. I believe that this shows Dr Frankenstein was so caught up by the science involved with making this being that he was blind to the obvious This is backed by him saying I had selected his features as beautiful this shows us he genuinely thought it was beautiful when it was being made. This chapter shows us that social influences are similar to that we experience today. Through out the novel Mary Shelly uses language to change the atmosphere. This is most present in chapter 5 in which the monster is born and Dr Frankensteins mood changes from a rather exited one to one of bitter disappointment and then again to cowardice before becoming rather animated at the arrival of Clerval. There is much emphasis on description. Dr Frankenstein describes in great detail the evening, the monster and his changing feelings towards his project. His language is often overdramatic and emotional. At length lassitude succeeded to tumult I had before endured, and I threw myself on the bed in my clothes, endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness, here he is using descriptive words that would not commonly be used today, this reminds us that this novel was written in the 1800s. Shelley writing style is very catching. I believe this is because she isnt writing as a watcher but as a character. This gives us the best view because we know the characters feeling as well as knowing what they dont, this can leave the reader frustrated, worried, scared, and hopeful such as at the end of chapter five when Clerval arrives and Victor has his nervous breakdown. This is evident when victor imagines what could happen. Clerval asks My dear Victor, what, for Gods sake, is the matter? Do not laugh in that manner. How ill are you! What is the cause to all this? To which Victor replies Do not ask me, He can tell. Oh save me! Save me! All this while Frankenstein had been fighting an invisible monster, had Clerval known like us about the monster many people could have been saved. In conclusion I think Mary Shelley produced a novel that was frighteningly believable. I believe that this book shows us that social influence is massive and Shelley believed that one-day man would hold the meaning to life not God. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide is for Everyone :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Assisted Suicide is for Everyone Should Doctors assist their patient's death? The doctors' obligation is to provide every possible support during the process of dying. Do doctors have the right to hasten the process, when requested to do so? There has been a great deal of discussion over this topic for the past few years. For many years now, assisted suicide has been a debated topic of who believes in it and who does not. The Christian faith disagrees in the act of assisted suicide. "This religion teaches redemptive suffering. God sends suffering as a means of washing away people's sins and saving their souls. It is believed that people can be blessed if they endure their misery." Islam has a similar belief of the Christian faith. They believe assisted suicide is an account of murder. In some countries, the patient who committed suicide, and the physician, or doctor that assisted the patient, should both go to hell. "We don't own ourselves, we are entrusted to God and the taking of life is the right of the one who give it." There are also many cultures that believe in this act of dying. Certain cultures believe that they have the right to end a person's life, only if the person is suffering with an illness that will only get worse. "In China and some parts of India, it is an ancient custom to drown newborn girls if they think they will live a useless life." The Dutch believe in the act of assisted suicide as many other religions. They believe that it is easier to end a life so the family and the other people will not have to go through all the suffering and pain. Many Physicians today believe that assisted suicide is the answer to end all the pain and suffering in the world. Dr. Peter Admirral is a physician that is known for ending more than one hundred lives in less than thirty years. "The emotion is what you prescribed or what you have injected will cause the patient to die. Its so opposite to normal feelings of a doctor that you have to go through a period of resisting this.

Materials and Methods

All of these Jobs were processed by a screening tool called the Physical Demands Analysis Worksheet. With this work sheet along with feedback from the worker we were able to determine and make an early hypothesis at the Jobs with the highest biomedical risk. Once the specific risk factors of the job have been identified, we can then use ergonomic analysis tools and guideline comparisons to pacifically quantify the Job demands. The specific analysis tools that we will use to identify the Job stresses are DSSSL, AD Watch. NOSH lift/pull/push equations and table guidelines, Snoop carrying/left/lower/push/pull equations, and the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment.The assumption made when gathering Information on the worker Is to assume all workers have the same/scalar dimensions as the worker being analyzed for this job. For the job demands that require the worker to use low back moments (skate sharpening, boxes off shelf, Winter stagier and skate filter tasks) the analysis tools that will be u sed are DSSSL and AD Watch. The collected data used came from measuring the weights of the objects and subject by a simple weight scale assuming no peculations between loads. Other measuring devices such as measuring tapes to measure distances and heights, galvanometer to measure Joint angles, camera for picture to analyze after work site analysis and force gauge to measure push and pull forces.These models will be used to measure the outputs and compare them to the Action Limits and/or Maximal Permissible Limit. In order to find out which tasks exceed the Action Limits and/or Maximal Permissible Limit of the compression or shear forces along the spine measurements of postures and loads must be collected. Once the data Is collected and calculated the comparison will be between the actual comparison will be between the two Joint models; DSSSL and AD Watch to determine the optimal Joint loads and increase the validity of the results. Shoulder tasks will also be analyzed by the DSSSL f or awkward shoulder movements and postures with loads.Other Job demands(snowboard waxing, boxes off shelf, winter Steiner, Skate Filter-lifting) that require lifting, pushing, pulling, and carrying will be calculated using NOSH equations. These calculations require the data collection of the repetition of the task, the distance traveled via pushing/carrying/lifting by using measuring tape, force(load) by using a force gauge or weight scale, and general information about the individual. The comparisons will be between the calculated results and the NOSH and SNOOP guidelines and also a comparison between the woo guidelines. To properly interpret the data to encompass a wide range of workers we will general construct our data for worse case scenarios or for workers of the Male 10th %.Lastly the Rigid Upper Limb Assessment will determine what risks are in upper limbed tasks(skate sharpening, snowboard waxing, winter Steiner, and skate filter tasks) by using Joint angles (measured by gon iometry) and loads (measured by force gauge or weight scales). The comparison is within the assessment based on the resultant number. The purpose of all the assessments is to identify and quantify the risk of injury to understand the location of the risk and therefore investigate possible solutions. When considering our recommendations we will re-assess the risk factors using the same tools for the same Jobs to compare and note improvements. An assumption made for this particular tool is to neglect any lower limb contributions to the risk of injury when performing the tasks. Also another assumption is using this model for non-static work such as snowboard waxing.

Negroponte’s decision to partner with Microsoft Essay

2. Do you agree with Negroponte’s decision to partner with Microsoft? Yes I agree with this decision Negroponte partnerships with companies such as Microsoft, which is very trustworthy, and reliable name in the computer sector for the operating system and software. Nicholas Negroponte, founder and director of the MIT Media Lab, introduced the idea for the $ 100 laptop in 2005. The laptop will be directed towards the child in â€Å"developing countries.† The intent is to help education in those countries. The purpose of this project, to be specific, is â€Å"To provide children around the world with new opportunities to explore, experiment and express themselves.† Technical achievement of the laptop project fast-low power requirements, the physical design of all closed to prevent water or sand or dirt damage, open source software [originally, this has since changed], a unique interface, and the possibility for solar and hand-crank powering, and designers who are doing well to achieve their costs disappear. Despite its considerable innovation, or perhaps because of it, the OLPC project has been unable to achieve its $100 targeted cost. The current cost of each unit is listed on the OLPC Website as $199 (www.laptop.org/en/participate/ways-to-give.shtml). However, this does not include upfront deployment costs, which are said to add an additional 5%–10% to the cost of each machine (wiki.laptop.org/go/Larger_OLPC), and subsequent IT-management costs. Nor does it include the cost of teacher training, additional software, and ongoing maintenance and support. OLPC initially required governments to purchase a million units, and then reduced the number to 250,000 in April 2007. Such large purchases are difficult to justify for governments in developing countries, and the requirement was ultimately eliminated. Some countries eventually lost interest due to the higher costs of the XO. For example, Nigeria failed to honor a pledge by its former president to purchase a million units, partly because they no longer cost $100 apiece.21 Meanwhile, other countries, including Libya, have opted for the Intel  Classmate, which is priced at approximately $250 for the PC alone. Officials in Libya, which had planned to buy up to 1.2 million XO laptops, became concerned that the machines lacked Windows, and that service, teacher training, and future upgrades would not be provided directlyby OLPC. Subsidies from Intel, including donated laptops and teacher training, also helped persuade the Libyan government to choose the Classmate. The goal of OLPC is to provide each child with a rugged, low-cost, low-power, connected laptop. To this end, we have designed the hardware, software and content for collaborative, fun, and self-empowered learning. One Laptop per Child is not about machines, it’s about movement. to get computers into the hands of children that will help them learn, then â€Å"this is a price worth paying.† Use technology to transform education by bringing connectivity and constructionist learning for poor children around the world, â€Å"said Nicholas Negroponte, founder and chairman of OLPC.

The Cobb-Douglas Production Function

The Cobb-Douglas Production Function In economics, a production function is an equation that describes the relationship between input and output, or what goes into making a certain product, and a Cobb-Douglas production function is a specific standard equation that is applied to describe how much output two or more inputs into a production process make, with capital and labor being the typical inputs described. Developed by economist Paul Douglas and mathematician Charles Cobb, Cobb-Douglas production functions are commonly used in both macroeconomics and microeconomics models because they have a number of convenient and realistic properties. The equation for the Cobb-Douglas production formula, wherein K represents capital, L represents labor input and a, b, and c represent non-negative constants, is as follows: f(K,L) bKaLc If ac1 this  production function  has constant returns to scale, and it would thus be considered linearly homogeneous. As this is a standard case, one often writes (1-a) in place of c. Its also important to note that technically a Cobb-Douglas production function could have more than two inputs, and the functional form, in this case, is analogous to what is shown above. The Elements of Cobb-Douglas: Capital and Labor When Douglas and Cobb were conducting research on mathematics and economies from 1927 to 1947, they observed sparse statistical data sets from that time period and came to a conclusion about economies in developed countries around the world: there was a direct correlation between capital and labor and the real value of all goods produced within a timeframe. Its important to understand how capital and labor are defined in these terms, as the assumption by Douglas and Cobb make sense in the context of economic theory and rhetoric. Here, capital indicates the real value of all machinery, parts, equipment, facilities, and buildings while labor accounts for the total number of hours worked within a timeframe by employees. Basically, this theory then posits that the value of the machinery and the number of person-hours worked directly relate to the gross output of production. Although this concept is reasonably sound on the surface, there were a number of criticisms Cobb-Douglas production functions received when first published in 1947. The Importance of Cobb-Douglas Production Functions Fortunately, most early criticism of the Cobb-Douglas functions was based on their methodology of research into the matter- essentially economists argued that the pair did not have enough statistical evidence to observe at the time as it related to true production business capital, labor hours worked, or complete total production outputs at the time. With the introduction of this unifying theory on national economies, Cobb and Douglas shifted the global discourse at it related to micro- and macroeconomic perspective. Furthermore, the theory stood true after 20 years of research when the 1947 United States Census data came out and the Cobb-Douglas model was applied to its data. Since then, a number of other similar aggregate and economy-wide theories, functions, and formulas have been developed to ease the process of statistical correlation; the Cobb-Douglas production functions are still used in analyses of economies of modern, developed, and stable nations around the world.

Serotiny and the Serotinous Cone

Serotiny and the Serotinous Cone Some tree species delay seed fall because their cones are dependent on a brief blast of heat to release seed. This dependency on heat during the seed production cycle is called serotiny and becomes a heat trigger for seed drop that may take decades to occur. Natural fire has to happen to complete the seed cycle. Although serotiny is primarily caused by fire, there are other seed release triggers that may work in tandem including periodic excess moisture, conditions of increased solar heat, atmospheric drying and parent plant death. Trees that have a serotinous tenancy in North America include some species of conifers including pine, spruce, cypress and sequoia. Serotinous trees in the southern hemisphere include some angiosperms like eucalyptus in fire-prone parts of Australia and South Africa. The Process of Serotiny Most trees drop their seeds during and just after the ripening period. Serotinous trees store their seeds in the canopy via cones or pods and wait for an environmental trigger. This is the process of serotiny. Desert shrubs and succulent plants depend on periodic rainfall for seed drop but the most common trigger for serotinous trees is periodic fire. Natural periodic fires occur globally, and on average, between 50 to 150 years. With naturally occurring periodic lightning fires over millions of years, trees evolved and developed the ability to resist high heat and eventually began using that heat in their reproduction cycle. The adaptation of thick and flame-resistant bark insulated the trees internal cells to direct flame and used the rising indirect heat from fire on cones to drop seed. In serotinous conifers, mature cone scales are naturally sealed shut with resin. Most (but not all) seeds stay in the canopy until the cones are heated to 122-140 degrees Fahrenheit (50 to 60 degrees Celsius). This heat melts the resin adhesive, the cone scales open to expose the seed that then drop or drift after several days to a burned but cool planting bed. These seeds actually do best on the burnt soil available to them. The site provides reduced competition, increased light, warmth and a short term increase of nutrients in the ash. The Canopy Advantage Seed storage in the canopy uses the advantage of height and breeze to distribute seed at the appropriate time onto a good, clear seedbed in satiating quantities enough for seed-eating critters. This masting effect increases the predator seed food supply to overabundance. With this abundance of newly added seed along with adequate germination rates, more seedlings than necessary will grow when moisture and temperature conditions are seasonally average or better. It is interesting to note that there are seeds that drop annually and are not a part of the heat-induced crop. This seed leakage seems to be a natural insurance policy against rare seed failures when conditions are adverse just after a burn and result in a full crop failure. What is Pyriscence? Pyriscence is often a word misused for serotiny. Pyriscence is not as much a heat-induced method for plant seed release, as it is an organisms adaptation to a fire-prone environment. It is the ecology of an environment where natural fires are common and where post-fire conditions offer the best seed germination and seedling survival rates for the adaptive species. A great example of pyriscence can be found in a southeastern United States longleaf pine forest ecosystem. This once large habitat is shrinking in size as fire is more and more excluded as land use patterns have changed. Although Pinus palustris is not a serotinous conifer, it has evolved to survive by producing seedlings that go through a protective grass stage. The initial shoot bursts in a brief bushy growth spurt and just as suddenly stops most top growth. Over the next few years, longleaf develops a significant tap root along with dense needle tufts. A compensating resumption of fast growth returns to the pine sapling around age seven.

The Relevance of Strategic Management Accounting Essay

The Relevance of Strategic Management Accounting - Essay Example Strategic management can be defined as the process of analyzing various initiatives taken by an organization, involving the resources available to them and performance within their external environments. This is in a bid to realize the mission and vision of the company and its objectives through developing modes of approach that will allow the organization to realize these aspects of its business (Friedl, Hans-Ulrich, & Burkhard, 2005). Management accounting can be described as the use of various accounting information by managers of an organization to assist them in making proper decisions in situations that they may be faced with. Therefore, strategic management accounting can be considered to be a combination of these two ideas whereby management accounting is used to enhance the strategic decision making that takes place in an organization, in a bid to increase the chances of success in a business (Mulcaster, 2009). ... The management processes that take place here deal with handling the organization as a whole, including the various enterprises that it may be involved with. Corporate strategic management accounting involves the handling of all businesses to ensure that there is no enterprise that may be causing the organization to suffer a loss (Friedl, Hans-Ulrich, & Burkhard, 2005). This level of management accounting is handled by the top brass of the organization, and decisions are made by top officials within the organization, such as members of the board of directors with assistance of advisors familiar with the situation that they are facing. Business strategic management accounting – This level of strategic management accounting deals with businesses belonging to an organization on a personal level. This is to say that it handles the management (Mulcaster, 2009) of the various businesses that an organization may be involved with according to the particular needs and situations that t he business may be faced with. This level of strategic management accounting is also handled by top level management, but in this case management is of that particular business such as the company CEO and heads of departments (Armstrong & Greene, 2007). This level of management allows the organization to concentrate on their various enterprises in a manner that allows them to address the various problems that they may face on a one-on-one level that allows the involved parties to figure out the proper solutions needed to take care of the complications that may have arisen (Clinton & Van der Merwe, 2006). This is an essential practice in any organization as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, and thus all the enterprises of an

Business Environment In South Africa Research Paper

Business Environment In South Africa - Research Paper Example In addition, the country has a sophisticated business environment that enables business to easily export and import goods. This is also advantageous to the global businesses that enter the marker because it increases their global competitiveness. Most global companies prefer South Africa because its manufacturing base for product exports is also not expensive. This is because it is easier to access other markets such as the Sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and South American markets from the country (Chalmers & Godfrey 273). In addition, businesses that enter the market have high opportunities to grow. This is because of the faster economic growth in the country. Furthermore, it is easier to enter the marker because of the political stability that has contributed to the creation of the friendly business environment. Political stability has enabled most of the global business to operate effectively because it makes the country integrated into the global market system. It is also easier to do business in the county because of the cultural diversity. Most global businesses find it easier to team up with the local citizens because of the many different cultures. For instance, the country has about 11 common languages of which English is the most used. This implies that there are no misunderstandings due to communication difficulties. Entering the market is also easier because corruption is not very high in the country. Researches show that among the 163 countries, South Africa is rated number 54 for its tran sparency. (Chalmers & Godfrey 273). The country’s company law regime The South African government has implemented various business laws that aim at promoting the competitiveness of the businesses that enter its market. The English law has influenced the favorable legal environment in the country. It easier for global firms to perform effectively since the businesses legal practices relating to transactions and agreement are applicable internationally. This is because the laws have been aligned with the global norms and conventions. For instance, the country’s constitution is excellent and promotes the autonomy of the judiciary. This implies that most businesses operate under the free economy framework. In addition, the legal system is opened to all the businesspersons including the foreigners on equal legal term. The commercial law also ensures that the businesspersons’ rights are protected by the independent courts. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) is among the lead ing stock exchanges globally due to the country’s favorable commercial legal system. The JSE limited helps in ensuring that all companies in the market increase their capital in a comfortable and reasonably regulated market environment. The JSE also helps in increasing the quality of its companies by ensuring that all the companies in the stock market achieve higher standards compared to other world- class exchanges. This ensures that shareholders enjoy competent and secure market (South Africa Info.1). State-owned enterprises The state-owned enterprises (SOE) are the government owned corporations or entities in South Africa that perform certain functions as required by the law. They play a great role in creating a comfortable business environment in the country. For instance, they improve the country’s infrastructure and other services industries such as transportation and water that help in

An introduction into the importance and nature of gastronomic events Essay

An introduction into the importance and nature of gastronomic events (Afternoon tea) - Essay Example ion during the period of 1840 and was introduced with the propose of escalating the feel of hunger for a meal that takes place during evening session, especially around the time of 8pm (handpickedhotels.co.uk, 2014). Afternoon tea comprises of various food items such as cakes, sugary pastries, patties along with a cup of tea. This gastronomic event was first practiced as a portion of a socializing event that used to be private in nature and used to be practiced by the female populations of Britain and these females mostly represented the upper class of the society. Later this event was awarded with the status of being a formal occasion as the practice of afternoon tea was exercised by Queen Victoria and the event was recognized as tea receptions. Tea receptions are events that comprise of around 200 guests that visit a home where the event is held during evening hours and these visitors are allowed to be a part of the event whenever they wish to during evening hours. Afternoon Tea Parties in East Sussex. (n.d.). Afternoon Tea venue in East Sussex at Buxted Park Hotel. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from

The Foundation of Fundraising

The Foundation of Fundraising My placement as negotiated with my supervisor was attending a course in fundraising, as from my perspective this knowledge is very essential in the field of development. In my opinion studying development from the theoretical aspect is very important but in order to apply what we learnt in the real world we need at least a minimum knowledge of management techniques. Working in the development field, as to implement any project or initiative in our community, require funding which will cover the expenses of the work and since many ofthe work of development come through the non governmental organisations so learning some of the techniques of fundraising is very important in order to achieve what we aspire in the development of our society. Working in a non-governmental organisation in Egypt helped me in understanding the problems of my community and thus addressing it. I had many ideas for projects to be implemented in my community but one of my major problems was obtaining a fund to apply these projects. So understanding the fundraising practice will help me in improving the opportunities in implementing my ideas. In this report I will present the fundraising techniques that are essential to any fundraiser in order to help raising the fund needed to support the charity and projects, and therefore developing the community. I will present what were the component and what I learnt from attending the foundation course of fundraising practice and what kind of techniques that is important to fulfil the job. The third sector The first thing I learnt in this course was the different between the three sectors providing services to people, First the private sector such as cooperates and companies and they are aiming for a profit. Second the public sector, as the statutory that aim to provide services. And the last one is what is called the third sector, the Government defines the third sector as non-governmental organisations that are value driven and which principally reinvest their surpluses to further social, environmental or cultural objectives, their role is to fill the gap and provide the service that is lost between the two sectors(NAO, 2009). It includes voluntary and community organisations, charities, social enterprisesand cooperatives. These organisations help in providing voice for marginalize groups, campaigning for change, creating strong, active and connected communities, promoting enterprising solutions to social and environmental challenges and also help in transforming the design and deliv ery of public services. Community-based organizations provide a unique role in the community they serve. As they play this role through the provision of certain services that are part of their mission statement which be done through fundraising. Fundraiser became a key element in supporting school, sports, and other community groups in each of the small towns and major urban areas.Fundraising in the past was a way to provide supplementary or support programs or activities, but todays fund-raising is the cornerstone for the survival and continuation of many activities and events and programs.This importance of fundraising in todays market, created the need for stronger and more successful programs to collect donations which can generate impact and good results. Fundraising is no longer just a fun activity, but abusiness (Institute of fundraising, 2006). Funding can be described as the financial resources available to make a project or initiative possible. Fundraising, however, is an organized activity to solicit money to conduct activities for an organization (Institute of fundraising, 2006). Funding can be either core, long term, or project-based. Core or long term funding is consistent over a period of time and is not related to one project. Project-based funding means an organization is funded to deliver a particular project or event. Fundraising on the other hand is usually the result of a distinct project or campaign that collects money from the public(Institute of fundraising, 2006). To conclude, Fundraising is the process of soliciting and gathering contributions as money or other resources, by requesting donations from individuals, businesses, charitable foundations, or governmental agencies. Although fundraising typically refers to efforts to gather money for non-profit organizations, it is sometimes used to refer to the identification and solicitation of investors or other sources of capital for-profit enterprises. Working in teams One of the important stages in the course for me was working with a team. As most of the course attendance worked before in fundraising and have some experience in this field and I was afraid of affecting the dynamics of the team I am in, but my expectations were not true as the power of the team depend on the variety of knowledge and personality of the members of the team. That was the first lesson I learnt, team work is a group effort and each member in this group contribute by his own knowledge and experience in improving the work of the whole team. According to the SheronFerguson theinstructor of the course, the team is a group of individuals who have a common aim and have a regular and frequent interaction with each other. The course indicates that experts in team development agree that teams will go through five different stages. How fast a team moves through each stage will depend on the team members, their individual skills, the work they are expected to do, and the type of leadership available to the team. Bruce Tuckman deemed the five main stages of team development in order as Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Mourning. The first stages of team building which isthe forming stage is important for any team because, in this stage, the members of the team get to know each other and exchange some information about their personalities. Which is consider a good opportunity to see how each member of the team works as an individual and how they respond to pressure. After that every group will enter the storming stage asdifferent ideas compete for consideration (Tuckman, 1965). The team addresses issues such as what problems they are really supposed to solve, how they will work independently and together and who will lead the whole operation. Team members open up to each other and confront each others ideas and perspectives. The storming stagecan be contentious, unpleasant and even painful to members of the team who are averse to conflict but it consider necessary to the growth of the team. In this stage I was able to build a connection with my teams members as I found out that thinking and sharing ideas with a group helped me in strengthen these connections, Moreover, it shows me how each member can contributes in improving any idea. In the norming stage the team manages to have a mutual plan to achieve its goal. During this stage some may have to give up their own ideas and agree with others in order to make the teamwork,as all the team members have the ambition to work for the success of the goals of the team. One of my teams was consisting of a fundraiser working with women rights charity, a manger of a soldiers care charity and my self, our project was to persuade a businessmanto donate for our charity which was a Bay watch life boats, we discussed each one idea about how we will reach our goal and my idea was using the media such as television interviews with one of the survivors who was saved by our life boats, and after discussing suggestions and ideas we decided to reach our goal by using different kinds of visual mean, we used a PowerPoint presentation to show the numbers and figures of how our charity contributes in helping and saving people, we used television interviews with two survivors who were sav ed by our charity. All that was through discussing the possible ideas that will work for the success of the goals of the team. The performing stagehappen when a teams are able to work as a unit as they find ways to get the job done effectively without conflict or the need for external supervision. In this stage the team members become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. The mourning is considering the last stage when teams break up when the work is over; they celebrate and recognize group achievement. Then some mourning over the dissolving of the team as the project ended. According to Ferguson for continuous work teams, there may be a higher performance level as they develop and transform as individuals and reform into revised teams. It is important to note that continuous work teams may revert to prior stages when new people are added to the team. It was very interesting to learn all these information on the team development, as I didnt experienced working in a teams before as I learnt in this course, I worked during the period of the course with four different teams in order to reach different levels of communication and to experience what are the advantages of being a member of a team, what kind of contribution I may add to the work of the team to raise the level and the quality of the outcome. Regulations and Law In the United Kingdom, there are laws and codes of practice covering public events, collections, lotteries and others. These laws and codes of practice include the frame that legalise the acceptance or refusal of donation, accountability and transparency in fundraising, best practice for fundraising contracts, charities working with business, data protection and many others(Ciconte, 2008). The only problem I faced in learning this section was the limitation and the focusing on the British laws and regulation of any charity work. But in spite of that I learnt a very important information that the laws and regulation is set to control the relationship between the benefactors and the trustees and protect the benefactors during the funding process, which was a very valuable information to me because I always thought about how to benefit the people who in need without considering the benefactors and what kind of benefit they will have in exchange of their funding. And thatled me to think more about the donors motivations to donate in order to understand how to use this motivation to benefit the project or the purpose I work to achieve. Also knowing about the internal regulation of each charity helped me understand the importance of knowing the internal regulation and mission of the NGO I am working with. There was an activity, which I found very interesting as the instructor told us a funding opportunity case which was a big amount of donation from some employees in a cigarette factory to a lung cancer charity. The case was whether the charity can accept this donation or not. Some of my colleagues in the course thought that the charity can accept this donation because the donors are the employees and not the cigarette factory while others argued that these employees may be a form of representation to the factory which will affect the lung cancer cause, a small group couldnt decide whether the charity could accept the donation or not because they thought that this is a difficult situation and more research is needed. This activity opened my eyes on seeing problems from different angels also the understanding the nee d for studying and knowing the internal regulation of the charity as well as the external. Funding sources and motivation Funding of not-for-profit, Non Government Organisations, or CharitableOrganisations comes through a number of streams. According to Ferguson the sources of fund come from: National Government funding which comprises multiple strands through various departments including: Health, Education, Tourism etc Local Government funding which also comprises multiple strands through various departments Charitable Trusts and Foundations Churches and similar institutions Corporations, which gives fund in a wide variety of ways such as sponsorship, secondment through which staff work for the charity but paid by the corporate, and many other ways. The National lottery, which have a grant programs. Individual donors Each of these hastheir own criteria with their respective application and reporting oraccountability requirements and varying levels of engagement with the fundapplicant. There is no consistency in criteria or uniformity of application across any ofthese funding sources. As Mixer argued that fundraisers must understand the fundamental question of why people giveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦more systematic analysis of donor motivation and conceptual frameworks are needed so fundraisers can carry out their tasks more effectively (Mixer, 1993).Here are some of the donors motivations we discussed during the course, which gives an image about what kind of donors we will deal with and what are there motives to donate; belief in mission, institutional need, publicity, change image, good reputation, religious Beliefs, establish a legacy, joy of giving, tradition in family, make a difference in society, building community relationship, memorialize someone, tax benefits, capital campaign, knowing other supporters, solicitation by peer, recognition of gift, expand social network, access to charity events.These motivations shape the ways and methods that will be used in order to deal with the donors. Knowing these motivations helps in designing the wining project and get the fund needed, and the key knowledge to these motivations is through research, which consider on of the most important element in the fundraising techniques that I learned in this course. Another concept related to funders motivationthat I learned was the donors development pyramid, which explain how to take donors to the next level of giving. The pyramid illustrates many methods by which the donors first know about the charity and choose to give them their support. Using this pyramid is to achieve a goal of ensuring these new funders will donate again and will move up in the pyramid. The donor development tool is a pyramid shape because as I continue to engage donors up the numbers of donors decreases, though the value of the donation increases. The main lesson in this section that I need to focus attention on every level of the pyramid I build to ensure that there will be a sustainable income to my NGO. Volunteers Contented Clients Donors Magazine Inserts Board/Committee Friends Visitors Press/Adverts (Institute of Fundraising course book, 2010) Fundraising techniques Fundraising is a valuable part of the strengthening ofNGOs;any kind of contributions is needed by them to carry out their planned activities. Marketing is considering the commercial name for fundraising as many of the techniques and skills of fundraising was adapted from it. While marketing and sales skills can be valuable, they must always be applied in an ethical manner. Every fundraiser must first be completely convinced of the value, integrity and benefits of the organization, and the activities for which the raised funds will be used. When we reached this section I was surprised with knowing that there are some fundraisers who dont believe in this methods as they can marketing any project even if they dont convinced by its value to society. The success of any fundraising program depends on the ability of staff to attract the participation of new potential donors. Goals are a strong motivator in any sales effort and consider the essence of fundraising. The fundraising team leadershould set the right types of goals in order to motivate his team. When a goal of fundraising campaign is set, it is important to be aware that the goal is high enough to motivatethe team to put extra effort, but it shouldnt be very high so it will be difficult to reach. However, if participants see the goal as realistic, theyll push themselves harder than you may have even dreamed possible, just to make sure they meet or exceed what is expected of them. One of the key skills of fundraising how to tell a donors and potential supporter about the work of the organisation, this skill is fundamental to fundraising.A good fundraiser should be able to show donors how their donation will transform the ability of the charity to meet the needs of its beneficiaries, and make a positive change. Before thinking about fundraising, the trustees and staff should put together a plan.And they should be clear about the key objectives and outcomes that neededto be achieved, and how fundraising will help achieve those goals. The fundraising cycle The Case for Support, explains in detail why a donor should give to the charity and therefore it should be clear, concise and motivating.It must contain enough information to enable a donor to make an informed decision.The case for support presents the rationale for supporting a fund-raising campaign or project. It is consider one of the most powerful tools that the organization can have in communicating its fundraising objective and in persuading potential donors to donate(Institute of fundraising, 2006). Therefore, it should articulate the organizations reason for being, its history, the integrity of its mission, vision, and programs, the good it does, the good it aspires to do, an assessment of need for the campaign, and the specifics of the campaigns objectives. The case should state the organizations unique ability to fill the demonstrated need of an identified constituency, affirm the efficiency of campaign planning, instil a feeling of intrinsic personal reward to the donor, a nd, very importantly, convey a sense of urgency ((Institute of fundraising, 2006). During this section the instructor ask us to prepare a case for support in five minutes, and then present it in front of others. It was a hard task as it was difficult to create a case for support in that few minutes but I tried to create a case for supporting a project based on forum theatre. I couldnt make a perfect case but it was not bad. The instructor explained why she needed us to finish this task in five minutes as we may meet a potential donor any where even in an elevator and we must to be prepared all the time. Also, research is essential to inform the charity about which donors might respond to the case for support. It will help identify the individuals, companies or trusts whom most likely to respond.Take into account any relevant internal and external factors that may influence the success of raising the fund. Organising activities ensure that the potential donors are adequately resourced. Finally,It is essential to monitor and evaluate the successes and failures of these activities, as it is consider a great mean of meeting and discussing potential donations. (Institute of Fundraising course book, 2010) Grant proposal One of the major techniques in fundraising is writing a grant proposal to donors or agencies. During the course I had to work on writing a grant proposal to understand in a practical way the weak points and how to improve it to achieve my goal and obtain the requested fund. The good proposal should contain some important elements to strengthen the project and make it accepted from the donors. Cover letter introduces the organization, its mission, and specifically states what the organizationis asking for from the donor. The cover letter includes the amount of requested fund. It is consider being a chance to let the funder know up front that the organization understandthe funding agencys goals, and thus fulfills their requirements. Executive Summary. The executive summary is considering one of the most challenging parts of the grant proposal because it should be concise and comprehensive. The summary should briefly showthe name of the project, services, procedures, targets group, objectives and expected outcome.The importance of the summary that funding agencies receive several funding proposals and may not be able to read it all, and therefore the summary need to describe the briefly and clearly the project. Statement of Need. In your statement of need, you must clearly articulate the need your grant proposal is addressing, and you must do it in a reader-friendly manner. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨The need statement, or problem statement, explains why the issue is important, and why your nonprofit is the right organization to provide a solution. Include background research, such as historical data, as well as stories that illustrate the need your proposal addresses. Goals and objectives. In this section, capture the grant reviewers attention with powerful, persuasive language. State what your nonprofit hopes to achieve, including specific results and/or outcomes, using key words like: Increase, reduce, provide, protect, improve and others. Your goals will be broad statements, and may be abstract. But its critical that your proposals objectives be concrete, precise and measurable. Objectives are explicit statements as to how you will work toward reaching your overarching goal.In preparing a project design, and when writing a proposal, the goals of the project are stated. The goal is easily defined as the solution to the problem that has been identified. The problem with such a goal is that it is too general; it is not easy to obtain consensus as to when it has been reached. That is why, when preparing project documents, a distinction is made between a goal and an objective. An objective is derived from a goal, has the same intention as a goal, bu t it is more specific, quantifiable and verifiable than the goal. When identifying objectives as part of an exercise in preparing a project design or proposal, use the SMART acronym as a checklist, to see if the objective is a good objective. The objectives must be derived from, and consistent with, the intention of the identified goals. SMART. stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-Bound. Methodology. The methods section of your grant proposal tells the reviewer how your nonprofit will accomplish its stated objectives. Your methods must be clear and concise, and leave no doubts in a reviewers mind. Write the methods section with the assumption the reader knows nothing about your nonprofit or your project. In addition to tying your program design to your objectives, this section should reference your statement of need and your budget. All methods and activities must be feasible and logical. Evaluation. The evaluation section is where many nonprofit grant proposals fall short. It is also one of the most important sections for grant reviewers. The evaluation section is where you explicitly state how you will measure your projects results. Granting agencies want to know your accomplishments will be objectively measurable, and that there will be hard evidence that their dollars did some good. Clearly state what records you will keep and/or what data you will collect. Data may be quantitative, qualitative, or a combination. Project Sustainability. Grant agencies want their funds to both produce results and facilitate future results through project sustainability-either with or without their additional help. Indeed, if youve written a strong grant proposal so far, the reviewer will care deeply about seeing that your services continue over the long term. In the sustainability section, state your future plans for the project, after the grant money requested has been used. In other words, tell the grantor how your organization will raise money to continue its programs in the future. Your future-funding plan can include a mix of strategies and sources Organizational Information. The organizational information section is where you provide detailed information about your nonprofit organization. This is also where you write to impress the reviewer. Spin a compelling narrative about the uniqueness of your nonprofit and include a brief summary of your statement of need. Using persuasive dialogue, let funders know that your organization is the best qualified to carry out the projects you have outlined. Explain your nonprofits history and background, provide its mission statement, describe its programs, state the recipients of its services, and give its track record to date. Offer a compelling overview of your nonprofits role in the community, and its important accomplishments. Budget. The budget section must be professionally done in order to create confidence in the organization. In this section, the project cost must be shown with providing an explanation of each expense. This is called a detailed budget that include project expenses, administrative, and every other expanse. Also it must include any expected income. The last task of the course Our last task in this course was creating a fundraising plan for a small local heritage preservation charity, which was elected the best charity of the year from a local supermarket chain. A workhouse in the local community was about to be demolished as it was very old and needs renovations. Our mission was to convince the board of members of the local charity of the importance of buying this workhouseas heritage representative, as well as planning a whole fundraising plans to buy, renovate and use this workhouse. It was a very useful activity in this course because it rape up what we learnt in the course and put it in a practical shape, which benefit the whole group. The experience I got from this course will help me in my career, as I needed this knowledge to complete my study in theatre and development. This course was beneficial to me in many aspects; first I learnt the basic of being a successful fundraiser, second it gave me the opportunity to meet other people who work in the field of fund raising which I benefit from there various experiences, finally this course introduce me to a available knowledge which I think I need in my career, for this I decided to learn more about NGO management to help improving the NGO I am working with. Conclusion Attending this course benefit me in understanding the foundation of fundraising practice, which can be concluded in relationship building between fundraisers and the donors.As in order to get people on your side you need to foster a relationship with them. Reaching out to people bypreparing acase for supporting your cause or project, which they can relate to and sympathize with, is essential. Also understanding the motives of donors help you in strengthen you relationship with them depending on their motives in donating to your NGO. Teamwork benefit improving the relation between the fundraisers and donors as the members of the teamwork together to achieve one goal which is convincing donors to donate to their NGO of supporting their project. Understanding fundraising techniques help in improving the status of the charity as by using the case for support technique a fundraiser can raise fund and donation almost anytime and anywhere. Also organising different activities helps in building a good environment to meet new potential donors. Finally using a good application or project proposal helps the donor in understanding the value of the proposed project also allow him to trust the NGO who ask for this donation. The main elements strengthen the application are writing a cover letter which is consider a very important element as it present the NGO, its mission statement and what this NGO needs from the donor. The next step is writing the executive summary that gives an overview of the idea of the project. It is consider the most challenging parts of the proposal, as it should be both comprehensive and concise. Using SMART objectives helps the donors in understanding the project as it show, summaries and frame the objectives of the project. Preparing a reasonable budget helps in building confidence in the organization. This budget must show and clarify the whole expenses of the project whether it was major or minor expenses. Finally the planning of sustainability of the project strengthen the proposal as donors want their funds to both produce results and facilitate future results through project sustainability either with or without their additional help. Using all these elements in the grant proposal raise the opportunity in persuading the donors to donate to this project.